chapter#2 lecture#3protocols

Protocol and Standard in Computer Networks

Protocols and standards are important in computer networks. They are like the rules and guidelines that allow different devices and systems to communicate and work together smoothly.

Protocols define how data is sent, received, and processed, while standards ensure that various technologies are compatible with each other. 

What is Protocol?

 

A protocol is a set of rules that determines how data is sent and received over a network.

Protocols help make sure that data moves smoothly and securely between devices on a network.

The protocol is just like a language that computers use to talk to each other, ensuring they understand and can respond to each other’s messages correctly.

Different types of protocols are used for different types of communication.

Key Elements of Protocol :

Syntax:Syntax refers to the structure or the format of the data that gets exchanged between the devices. Syntax of the message includes the type of data, composition of the message, and sequencing of the message. 

Semantics:Semantics defines data transmitted between devices. It provides rules and norms for understanding message or data element values and actions.

Timing: Timing refers to the synchronization and coordination between devices while transferring the data. Timing ensures at what time data should be sent and how fast data can be sent. For example, If a sender sends 100 Mbps but the receiver can only handle 1 Mbps, the receiver will overflow and lose data. Timing ensures preventing of data loss, collisions, and other timing-related issues.

Sequence Control:Sequence control ensures the proper ordering of data packets. The main responsibility of sequence control is to acknowledge the data while it get received, and the retransmission of lost data.

Error Control: Error control mechanisms detect and fix data transmission faults. They include error detection codes, data resend, and error recovery.

Security : Network security protects data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. which includes encryption.

Types of Protocol 

1.Network Layer Protocols : Network layer protocols operate in the network layer which is also known as the Layer 3 of the network  architecture.

2.Transport Layer Protocols:Transport layer protocols work in the transport layer which provides end-to-end service ensuring data transfer across apps on different devices.

3.Application Layer Protocol: Application layer protocol working in the application layer of the network architecture provides communication between applications running on different devices.HTTP, FTP, and SMTP are examples.

4.Wireless Protocols: Wireless protocols basically used in wireless communication which enables data transfer through wireless networks. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and LTE protocols are examples.

5.Routing Protocols:Routing protocol establishes the best/optimal network pathways throughout the network for fastest data transmission. Routers share information to develop and maintain routing tables. RIP, OSPF, and BGP are examples.

6.Security Protocols : security protocol protects data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity while transmission of data over the network.

7.Internet Protocols :IP identifies devices uniquely. Internet protocol provides data communication through routing and  forwarding data packets from one device to another by unique addressing scheme.

What is Standards? 

Standards are the set of rules for data communication that are needed for the exchange of information among devices.

Types of Standards :

1.De Facto Standard: The meaning of the work ” De Facto ”  is ” By Fact ”  or “By Convention”.These are the standards that have not been approved by any Organization but have been adopted as  Standards because of their widespread use. 

For example :   Apple  and Google are two companies that established their own rules for their products which are different. Also, they use some same standard rules for manufacturing their products.

2.De Jure Standard: The meaning of the word “De Jure”  is  “By Law” or “By  Regulations”.Thus, these are the standards that have been approved by officially recognized bodies like ANSI, ISO, IEEE, etc.

For example :  All the data communication standard  protocols like SMTP, TCP, IP, UDP etc. 

Protocol and Standard Compliance in Network Security:

1.Interoperability: Protocols and standards allow devices and systems to communicate. These protocols ensure network components can function together.

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• 2.Security Baseline : Protocols and standards contain security principles and best practices that help secure network infrastructure. These protocols allow organizations to protect sensitive data via encryption, authentication, and access controls.

 3.Vulnerability Management : Network security protocols and standards help organizations find and fix vulnerabilities.